Limits
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Question:

If $\lim_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{e^{\cos(\alpha^n)} - e}{\alpha^m} = \frac{-e}{2}$ where $m$ and $n$ are positive integers greater than 1, then the value of $\frac{m}{n}$ is:
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5

Step-by-Step Solution

Key Concept: Use the expansion near \(0\): \[ \cos(\alpha^n)=1-\frac{\alpha^{2n}}{2}+O(\alpha^{4n}). \] Then \[ e^{\cos(\alpha^n)} =e^{1-\alpha^{2n}/2+O(\alpha^{4n})} =e\left(1-\frac{\alpha^{2n}}{2}+O(\alpha^{4n})\right). \] So the numerator behaves like \[ -\frac{e}{2}\alpha^{2n}. \] For the given limit to equal \(-e/2\), we need \[ m=2n. \]
We are given \[ \lim_{\alpha\to 0} \frac{e^{\cos(\alpha^n)}-e}{\alpha^m} =-\frac{e}{2}. \] For small \(\alpha\), \[ \cos(\alpha^n) =1-\frac{\alpha^{2n}}{2}+O(\alpha^{4n}). \] Therefore \[ e^{\cos(\alpha^n)} =e^{1-\alpha^{2n}/2+O(\alpha^{4n})}. \] So \[ e^{\cos(\alpha^n)} =e\cdot e^{-\alpha^{2n}/2+O(\alpha^{4n})}. \] Using \(e^t=1+t+O(t^2)\), \[ e^{-\alpha^{2n}/2+O(\alpha^{4n})} =1-\frac{\alpha^{2n}}{2}+O(\alpha^{4n}). \] Hence \[ e^{\cos(\alpha^n)}-e =e\left(1-\frac{\alpha^{2n}}{2}+O(\alpha^{4n})\right)-e. \] Thus \[ e^{\cos(\alpha^n)}-e =-\frac{e}{2}\alpha^{2n}+O(\alpha^{4n}). \] So \[ \frac{e^{\cos(\alpha^n)}-e}{\alpha^m} =-\frac{e}{2}\alpha^{2n-m}+O(\alpha^{4n-m}). \] For the limit to be the non-zero finite value \(-e/2\), we must have \[ 2n-m=0. \] Therefore \[ m=2n. \] Hence \[ \frac{m}{n}=2. \] \[ \boxed{2} \]
Correct Answer: 2

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