Limits
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Grade 12
Question:
If $\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{10 - \sum_{k=1}^{10} (\cos kx)}{x^2} = \frac{a}{b}$ where $a$ and $b$ are co-prime, then the value of $(a+b)$ is equal to:
(a) 384
(b) 385
(c) 386
(d) 387
Step-by-Step Solution
$\textcolor{green}{\textbf{Key Idea}}$
Rewrite the numerator as
\[
\sum_{k=1}^{10}\left(1-\cos(kx)\right).
\]
Then use
\[
1-\cos(kx)\sim \frac{k^2x^2}{2}
\qquad (x\to 0).
\]
So the limit becomes
\[
\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=1}^{10}k^2.
\]
$\textcolor{blue}{\textbf{Solution}}$
We need
\[
\lim_{x\to 0}
\frac{10-\sum_{k=1}^{10}\cos(kx)}{x^2}.
\]
Write
\[
10-\sum_{k=1}^{10}\cos(kx)
=\sum_{k=1}^{10}\left(1-\cos(kx)\right).
\]
Using
\[
1-\cos u\sim \frac{u^2}{2}
\qquad (u\to 0),
\]
we get
\[
1-\cos(kx)\sim \frac{k^2x^2}{2}.
\]
Therefore
\[
\lim_{x\to 0}
\frac{10-\sum_{k=1}^{10}\cos(kx)}{x^2}
=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=1}^{10}k^2.
\]
Now
\[
\sum_{k=1}^{10}k^2
=\frac{10\cdot 11\cdot 21}{6}
=385.
\]
Hence
\[
\frac{a}{b}=\frac{385}{2}.
\]
Since \(385\) and \(2\) are co-prime,
\[
a+b=385+2=387.
\]
\[
\boxed{387}
\]
$\textcolor{red}{\textbf{Key Trap}}$
The constant term cancels exactly:
\[
10-\sum_{k=1}^{10}1=0.
\]
So the first non-zero contribution is the \(x^2\)-term from the cosine expansion. If this cancellation is missed, the limit appears incorrectly divergent.
Correct Answer: 4