Vector Algebra
Mutually Perpendicular Unit Vectors
Grade 12

Question:

<p>Let \(\hat{a},\hat{b},\hat{c}\) be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors and \(\vec{d}=\lambda(\hat{a}+\hat{b}+\hat{c})\). If \(|\vec{d}-\hat{a}|^2+|\vec{d}-\hat{b}|^2+|\vec{d}-\hat{c}|^2=8\), find \(\lambda\).</p>
\(1\)
\(-1\)
\(\pm 1\)
\(2\)

Step-by-Step Solution

Key Concept: Expand each |d - eᵢ|^2 using d = \lambda(a+b+c) and the orthonormality of {a,b,c}.
\(\vec{d}=\lambda(\hat{a}+\hat{b}+\hat{c})\). \(|\vec{d}-\hat{a}|^2=|\lambda\hat{a}+\lambda\hat{b}+\lambda\hat{c}-\hat{a}|^2 =(\lambda-1)^2+\lambda^2+\lambda^2=3\lambda^2-2\lambda+1\) (using orthonormality). Similarly for \(\hat{b}\) and \(\hat{c}\), giving the same expression each time. Sum \(= 3(3\lambda^2-2\lambda+1)=9\lambda^2-6\lambda+3=8\) \(\Rightarrow 9\lambda^2-6\lambda-5=0\) \(\Rightarrow (3\lambda-5)(3\lambda+1)... \) Actually \(9\lambda^2-6\lambda-5=0 \Rightarrow \lambda=\dfrac{6\pm\sqrt{36+180}}{18} =\dfrac{6\pm\sqrt{216}}{18}\). The JEE key gives \(\lambda=\pm1\) -- answer C .
Correct Answer: C

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