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Pair Of Linear Equations In Two Variables
EXERCISE 3.1
CBSE_NCERT_TEXTBOOK
Grade 10

Question:

On comparing the ratios 1 1 1 2 2 2 , and a b c a b c , find out whether the lines representing the following pairs of linear equations intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident: (i) 5x – 4y + 8 = 0 (ii) 9x + 3y + 12 = 0 7x + 6y – 9 = 0 18x + 6y + 24 = 0 (iii) 6x – 3y + 10 = 0 2x – y + 9 = 0

Step-by-Step Solution

Key Concept: For two lines \(a_1x+b_1y+c_1=0\) and \(a_2x+b_2y+c_2=0\), compare the ratios \(\dfrac{a_1}{a_2},\;\dfrac{b_1}{b_2},\;\dfrac{c_1}{c_2}\):<br>- If \(\dfrac{a_1}{a_2}=\dfrac{b_1}{b_2}=\dfrac{c_1}{c_2}\) the lines are coincident.<br>- If \(\dfrac{a_1}{a_2}=\dfrac{b_1}{b_2}<br>eq\dfrac{c_1}{c_2}\) the lines are parallel (distinct).<br>- If the three ratios are all different, the lines intersect at a unique point.
### Pair (i)
Only one equation \(5x-4y+8=0\) is given. To apply the ratio test we need two equations, therefore the nature of the pair cannot be decided with the information provided.

### Pair (ii)
We have two distinct equations:
\[
\begin{aligned}
&\text{(a)}\;9x+3y+12=0 \quad\Rightarrow\; a_1=9,\; b_1=3,\; c_1=12,\\[2mm]
&\text{(b)}\;7x+6y-9=0 \quad\Rightarrow\; a_2=7,\; b_2=6,\; c_2=-9.
\end{aligned}
\]
Step 1 – Form the ratios
\[
\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{9}{7},\qquad \frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{3}{6}=\frac{1}{2},\qquad \frac{c_1}{c_2}=\frac{12}{-9}= -\frac{4}{3}.
\]
Step 2 – Compare
Since \(\frac{9}{7}
eq\frac{1}{2}
eq-\frac{4}{3}\), the three ratios are all different. Hence the two lines intersect at a single point.

Additional observation
The third equation \(18x+6y+24=0\) is exactly twice the first equation (multiply \(9x+3y+12=0\) by 2). Therefore the line represented by \(18x+6y+24=0\) is coincident with the line \(9x+3y+12=0\).

### Pair (iii)
Equations:
\[
\begin{aligned}
&\text{(a)}\;6x-3y+10=0 \quad\Rightarrow\; a_1=6,\; b_1=-3,\; c_1=10,\\[2mm]
&\text{(b)}\;2x-y+9=0 \quad\Rightarrow\; a_2=2,\; b_2=-1,\; c_2=9.
\end{aligned}
\]
Step 1 – Form the ratios
\[
\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{6}{2}=3,\qquad \frac{b_1}{b_2}=\frac{-3}{-1}=3,\qquad \frac{c_1}{c_2}=\frac{10}{9}
eq3.
\]
Step 2 – Compare
Here \(\frac{a_1}{a_2}=\frac{b_1}{b_2}=3\) but \(\frac{c_1}{c_2}
eq3\). Hence the two lines are parallel (they have the same slope but different intercepts) and are not coincident.

Conclusion
- Pair (i): Insufficient data – cannot decide.
- Pair (ii): The lines \(9x+3y+12=0\) and \(7x+6y-9=0\) intersect at a point. The line \(18x+6y+24=0\) is coincident with \(9x+3y+12=0\).
- Pair (iii): The lines \(6x-3y+10=0\) and \(2x-y+9=0\) are parallel (distinct).

Correct Answer: Pair (i): Not enough information to determine. Pair (ii): The lines 9x+3y+12=0 and 7x+6y-9=0 intersect at a point; the line 18x+6y+24=0 is coincident with 9x+3y+12=0. Pair (iii): The lines 6x-3y+10=0 and 2x-y+9=0 are parallel (distinct).
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