Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Differentiability at Boundary Points
Grade 12
Question:
<p>If <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>) = \(\begin{cases} \frac{-x}{2}, & x > 0 \\ -\cos x, & 0 \leq x \leq 1 \\ \ln x, & x > 1 \end{cases}\), then find the number of points where <i>f</i>(<i>x</i>) is not differentiable.</p>
Step-by-Step Solution
Key Concept: A piecewise function is not differentiable at boundary points where either continuity fails or left and right derivatives are unequal. We must check continuity first, then verify derivative existence at each junction point.
<p><strong>Step 1: Identify candidate points for non-differentiability</strong></p><p>The function is defined piecewise with potential issues at x = 0 and x = 1 (the boundary points between pieces).</p><p><strong>Step 2: Analyze differentiability at x = 0</strong></p><p>Check continuity from the right: $\lim_{x \to 0^+} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \left(-\frac{x}{2}\right) = 0$</p><p>Check continuity from the left using the middle piece: $\lim_{x \to 0^-} f(x) = \lim_{x \to 0^-} (-\cos x) = -\cos(0) = -1$</p><p>Since $0 \neq -1$, the function is <strong>discontinuous at x = 0</strong>. Therefore, f(x) is <strong>not differentiable at x = 0</strong>.</p><p><strong>Step 3: Analyze differentiability at x = 1</strong></p><p>Check continuity from the left: $\lim_{x \to 1^-} f(x) = -\cos(1)$</p><p>Check continuity from the right: $\lim_{x \to 1^+} f(x) = \ln(1) = 0$</p><p>Since $-\cos(1) \approx -0.540 \neq 0$, the function is <strong>discontinuous at x = 1</strong>. Therefore, f(x) is <strong>not differentiable at x = 1</strong>.</p><p><strong>Step 4: Check differentiability within each piece</strong></p><p>• For $x > 0$ (and $x \neq 1$): $f(x) = -\frac{x}{2}$ is a linear function, differentiable everywhere in its domain.</p><p>• For $0 < x < 1$: $f(x) = -\cos x$ is a trigonometric function, differentiable everywhere.</p><p>• For $x > 1$: $f(x) = \ln x$ is a logarithmic function, differentiable for all $x > 1$.</p><p><strong>Step 5: Conclusion</strong></p><p>The function is not differentiable at exactly two points: x = 0 and x = 1, where discontinuities occur.</p><p>$\therefore$ Answer: <strong>2</strong></p>
Correct Answer: 2