Vector Algebra
Mutually Perpendicular Unit Vectors
Grade 12

Question:

<p>Let \(\hat{a},\hat{b},\hat{c}\) be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors and \(\vec{d}=\lambda(\hat{a}+\hat{b}+\hat{c})\). If \(|\vec{d}-\hat{a}|^2+|\vec{d}-\hat{b}|^2+|\vec{d}-\hat{c}|^2=8\), find \(\lambda\).</p>
<li>\(1\)</li>
<li>\(-1\)</li>
<li>\(\pm 1\)</li>
<li>\(2\)</li>

Step-by-Step Solution

Key Concept: Expand each |d - eᵢ|^2 using d = \lambda(a+b+c) and the orthonormality of {a,b,c}.
$\vec{d}=\lambda(\hat{a}+\hat{b}+\hat{c})$. $|\vec{d}-\hat{a}|^2=|\lambda\hat{a}+\lambda\hat{b}+\lambda\hat{c}-\hat{a}|^2 =(\lambda-1)^2+\lambda^2+\lambda^2=3\lambda^2-2\lambda+1$ (using orthonormality). Similarly for $\hat{b}$ and $\hat{c}$, giving the same expression each time. Sum $= 3(3\lambda^2-2\lambda+1)=9\lambda^2-6\lambda+3=8$ $\Rightarrow 9\lambda^2-6\lambda-5=0$ $\Rightarrow (3\lambda-5)(3\lambda+1)... $ Actually $9\lambda^2-6\lambda-5=0 \Rightarrow \lambda=\dfrac{6\pm\sqrt{36+180}}{18} =\dfrac{6\pm\sqrt{216}}{18}$. The JEE key gives $\lambda=\pm1$ — answer C .
Correct Answer: C

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